john proctor motivation


Proctor believed in the utmost honest truth, but in the end it was not given to, Throughout the play, The Crucible, John Proctor faces many difficult obstacles that occurred in his life. His words are important, because he is trying to make it up to Elizabeth after his affair with Abigail. WebThe most subterranean motivation of Abigail is the love she has for John Proctor. [Hale:] Man, you will hang! WebJohn Proctor main motivation: to get beyond his guilt; to keep his marriage from falling apart. At first, as a reaction to her jealousy for John being seduced by Abigail, Elizabeth's motivation is to make him feel terribly guilty for what he has done. proctor Reverend Hales. He later on changes from this cheater, hot-headed adulterer to a saint who tries to save the lives of the falsely accused by admitting to his sins and fighting for the truth until his very last breath. 69) John had no importance for wealth, but rather of God, it was one of the reasons he stopped attending church. By playing her Mafia-like wailing and doll piercing games and forcing the other Salem girl to participate, Abigail determines to terminate Elizabeth and keep John for herself (460-473). Meanwhile, Proctor tries to completely rid Abigails mind of the affair by telling her they never touched. At this point, Proctor will do anything to keep his affair undercover. John Proctor throughout the play had to try and forgive himself for Through the play, we follow the character, Abigail, observe her actions and their consequences. The others come in soon after. (Miller pg.53,54) However, in reality John Proctor was alone with Abigail the whole time and had an affair with her. (Miller 1162). Without purpose, your goals will be harder to reach. Having a sense of purpose fuels ones motivation. Nevertheless, the court concludes John as a witch when Elizabethhoping to keep the Proctors honortwists the story about how she dismissed Abigail. How does John Proctor's character change from the beginning of The Crucible to the end of the play? Proctor struggles internally with this decision because he knows that he isnt a witch, but he also doesnt want to die. John Proctor is a good man despite anything others may say about him. As John Proctor confesses that he has broke his vows with Elizabeth to protect her from charges, he proves that his need for a self-sacrifice for Elizabeth drove him to confess his sins openly with the court. John is then given a chance to be exonerated, but he refuses to tarnish himself by admitting a fault he did not commit. For example, before his death in Act , expresses his feelings of himself as he states he cannot the gibbet like a saint. Warren Buffett once said, It takes 20 years to build a reputation and five minutes to ruin it. 48-50). john proctor Although Elizabeth struggles to forgive John, she is not overtly antagonistic towards him and attempts to exercise patience when he gets upset. Let them that never lied die now to keep their souls. An individuals motivation has a significant impact on ones actions. The characters had dissimilar motivates to falsely accuse others of witchcraft. eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. One of the few motivations that John Proctor was, protecting his family and keeping them safe. Although, through his closeted flaws he fell from his grace, that downfall eventually led to his execution. WebProctor demonstrates his integrity and principled stance when he publicly refutes the acceptance of unproven witchcraft over logic. If the indicted person admitted to practicing witchcraft and repented, he or she was set free; but if the accused did not confess, that person lost their life. While many argue John is a bad man because he committed adultery they are entirely mistaken. They meant everything to him. Also when Elizabeth got sent to jail and sentenced to be hanged, John had to fight to get Elizabeth out before death occurred., In the beginning of the play John struggles to find himself, he doesnt get involved with the trials until his wifes name is spoken about within the court, by no other than Abigail Williams, his ex-lover. She tells Hale that no one can take Johns pride from him., John takes pride in his name. By the end of the play, Elizabeth is selflessly concerned about her husband's soul and refuses to judge John regarding his decision to confess or die a martyr. The Crucible is a very well known playwright that was influenced by the Salem Witch Trials. John Proctor is an honest, hardworking, good man except for his one flaw that became a downfall for him and other accused witches living in Salem. You surely know that. Here, John confessed to having an affair with Abigail Williams during court and explains to him that he would not lie to him and ruin his good. The book The Crucible, by Arthur Miller reminds me a lot of The McCarthy hearings were trials in which Senator Joe McCarthy accused government employees of being Communists. Later, however, in Act III, the motivation to save his wife trumps his concern for his own reputation, and he confesses his lechery in an attempt to prove Elizabeth's innocence and Abigail's treachery. As Hale is mad that Proctor ripped the paper, Elizabeth explains to Hale that, He have his goodness now. John Proctor lies to his wife, Elizabeth Proctor and others by saying that he was never alone with Abigail Williams and saying he had no involvement what so ever with her as he says in Act 2, She told it to me in a room alone-I have no proof for itFor a moment, I say we were alone. Mrs. Ann Putnam has experienced seven of her children die at childbirth in which she is in desperate need to find a justifiable reason. Hes offered the chance to lie to save his life or to tell the truth and hang. In Arthur Millers play, The Crucible, Abigail Williams is one of those mean girls. This displays a lack of integrity for John, but nobody knows about it until later. John say, I mean to please you, Elizabeth (Miller 26). John Proctor was the type of man who would wake up every morning regretting that he had lied just so he could live. She will do anything she can to get the man of her dreams and Elizabeth Proctor nor Mary Warren will get in the way of that. In Arthur Millers, The Crucible, many Salem villagers are seized by hysteria regarding witches, which leads to the destructive witch trials of 1692. Cruelty allies with this message by egotistical wants being the cause, and cruel behavior being the effect. Abigail Williams is a narcissistic and manipulative character that is driven by her obsession with John Proctor. John struggles with trying to keep his good name too. The motivation Proctor has to bring out the lies and deceit in the town of Salem while also combating his desire to maintain his reputation is similar to the men struggling to fight against their wives obsessed with Instagram while also maintaining their reputations as good husbands. Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! John Proctor was very conflicted. To expose the lies associated with witchcraft, John uses a number of weapons. A tragedy is one type of play where the audience pities the characters and fear the same consequences that the characters face. You cannot! John realizes his mistake, and hopes to fix it by presenting Elizabeth with kindness. Unluckily for John he was placed on a pedestal, he was viewed in the town as a religious figure. He becomes angry when Elizabeth continues to insist that he should go to town and tell the court what Abigail told him. The Salem witch trials empowered several characters in the play who were previously marginalized in Salem society. Abigail does all this for the man that she loves and had an affair with, John Proctor. You didnt tell him that! (Applebee et al. An individuals motivation has a significant impact on ones actions. During Act 3, in the courtroom, Danforth asks Proctor if he is willing to drop the charges since Elizabeths life is no longer at stake. John risks the consequences of adultery in an attempt to save all of the people being accused of witches by revealing how Abigail sinned. Abigail was not only one of the girls that got caught dancing in the forest, she was the only girl that drank a blood charm in order to kill John Proctors wife, Elizabeth Proctor. In this play characters are willing to do whatever it takes to get what they want, even if it leads to the downfall of others. In the Crucible, John proctor was a farmer who desperately wanted to be the reverend. In fact, his own inability to forgive himself merely intensifies his reaction to Elizabeth's lack of forgiveness., John had many reasons for choosing what he did. Resultantly, Miller sets at the beginning of the play, when John is first introduced, the contextual groundwork for the reader to comprehend why Johns inner self-loathing and shame, as well as him witnessing the whole communitys essentially antithetic to its own values behavior, take the dimensions of nihilism in, First, is when he confesses to adultery, he admits to this because it is the only way he can prove Abigale (former maid, fellow adulterer) is a lying, whore. It was surprising that John Proctor admitted to his sin because now his name will always be associated with adultery. WebJohn Proctor, a farmer who lives in a farm with his wife Elizabeth Proctor, is the protagonist during the Salem witch trial. In fact, against her Puritan faith, she lies in court about John's lechery, thinking that he would have lied. WebJohn Proctor is a tormented individual. An individuals motivation has a significant impact on ones actions. Aside from the plot itself, the playwright also has an excellent supply of characters to put the reader highly in depth of the play as well. Start your 48-hour free trial to get access to more than 30,000 additional guides and more than 350,000 Homework Help questions answered by our experts. He is devoted to stop the hangings, and save the people who are accused., John Proctor is a tormented individual. This leaves a strain in his marriage and he cant seem to forgive himself. In the novel The Crucible, each character had different motivations to do specific actions. Because I cannot have another in my life! Also has to force being hung or not. While he tried to get his daughter to wake up the day after he found them, she would not. However, the judges prefer Abigails scheme over Johns story, which puts him in a stickier situation. While there are characters like Parris and Abigail who only wish to gain power and control from their actions, many others display concern for those they care about. A false admission would also dishonor him and his soul. As a result, many members of the community would go to extremes to avoid tarnishing their reputations. As a Puritan man, John was in a monogamous marriage, nevertheless, he still cheated on his wife Elizabeth. If the reader begins to focus on John, his actions and what he stands for, they are easily able to recognize he portrays characteristics of the flawed nature of an individual. He struggled with whether to sign a false confession or not. Unsurprisingly, his relationship with Elizabeth remains strained throughout the majority of the play. When he first enters the play, he is known to have a sharp and biting way with hypocrites and in his presence a fool felt his foolishness instantly. I am not that man (208). Elizabeth Proctor, John Proctors wife, is completely, Today I will be discussing Arthur Millers 1952 play The Crucible and SmallPoppys 2015 YouTube video Instagram Husband and how it displays how although political motivations may be ambiguous, control is the ultimate goal. Unsurprisingly, his relationship with Elizabeth remains unnatural throughout the majority of the play. How may I live without my name? When given this prophecy from the three witches, Macbeth utilizes this information, once he becomes Thane of Cawdor, to plan the death of King Duncan. Character Progression and Development of Reverend John Hale in The Crucible Initially, John is motivated to earn his wife's forgiveness and repair his marriage. To expose the lies associated with witchcraft, John uses a number of weapons. You have seen me. Many describe him as a virtuous, stern man who speaks his mind and is well-respected. You have no need for this I confess to God, and God has seen my name on this! As the play progresses, Elizabeth is motivated to expose Abigail as a liar, prove her innocence, and protect John's reputation, which is why she denies being involved in witchcraft and lies about her husband's infidelity. Proctors wife Elizabeth knows her husband better than anyone in the town of Salem. This serves as a motivation for Johns later actions in the play. It is until Elizabeth is arrested for witchcraft he get involved in proving her innocence and exposing the, In the play, John Proctor is an ordinary farmer, who has proven himself a hardworking man, with a good name around the village of Salem. We ourselves can be driven by the most primitive emotion and put it into action if the influence is tenacious enough. John Proctor lies by confessing to being a witch verbally and on a paper which he says No, no. His words are important, because he is trying to make it up to Elizabeth after his affair with Abigail. The main message in this play is to show how far a person is willing to go to get what they want, despite the lies and betrayal. In Arthur Millers, The Crucible, many Salem villagers are seized by hysteria regarding witches, which leads to the destructive witch trials of 1692. He would rather be hung than be known to everyone as a man who performed whichcraft. That choice effected him greatly by having to get involved in court. As the play just about closes her motivation becomes to see John feel free. In The Crucible, a tragedy written by Arthur Miller, it displays the tragedy and wrongful convictions of the townsfolk of Salem. Preserving ones reputation is a theme exemplified heavily in the book, as almost every character struggles with their identity, which in turn, affects their decisions. Mrs. Putnam does not understand why God would punish her by losing so many children and someone else like Rebecca have luck in As of human nature, people do certain actions based on pressure or motivations. It is never more evident that Proctor is trying do good than when he confesses to lechery to save his wife. WebProctor demonstrates his integrity and principled stance when he publicly refutes the acceptance of unproven witchcraft over logic. WebJohn Proctor main motivation: to get beyond his guilt; to keep his marriage from falling apart. The Witchcraft Trials of 1692 were the cause of the death of a lot of innocent people because having a good reputation was very important to some characters in The Crucible, like Judge Danforth and Abigail. Later on in Act 3, he says to Hale,I know the childrens sickness had naught to do with witchcraft. Here, he is admitting to John Hale that he does not believe in witchcraft or that there is witchcraft in Salem. Nearly all men can stand adversity, but if you want to test a man's character, give him power. WebJohn Proctor was eager to risk anything to save his family to keep them from getting harmed. This view leads to John Proctor's actions of retracting his confession and allowing himself to be hung. One of the characters Abigail Williams affects is John Proctor. When Proctor is in jail, he shows his integrity once again. His sons will carry on that name, and if they post his it up for everyone to see, his good name will be ruined. He believes his affair with Abigail irreparably damaged him in the eyes of God, his wife Elizabeth, and himself. This is portrayed in The Crucible by Arthur Miller, which is a play reenacting Once Proctor finds out that the all of the townspeople will know he confessed he doesnt let the judge take the paper and he rips it to shreds. She especially has it out for John Proctors wife, Elizabeth, because Abigail would love to replace her. When Proctor is first seen he has that presence to him that make people either fear him or want to know him. The Crucible by Arthur Miller is a dramatic play that expresses a very important message and that is how far people would go to save themselves from the hands of death. He desires to expose Abigail, putting an abrupt end to the witch trials. In Salem, the local authority is almost equal to the sovereignty of God, and women as inferior to men. This plays an important part in the testing of Johns integrity later in the play. In both stories, The inability to remain economically stable has released fear among people, making them indulge in irrational behaviors to protect their personal welfare and financial status. But as the play proceeds and she is accused, her motivation is just to get to be with him. At this moment Proctor knew he had to keep his integrity and not sign the paper. She is afraid that John still has feelings for Abigail but does not fly into a fit of rage when she discovers that her husband was alone with her. And it is my face, and yours, Danforth! They meant everything to him. When they bring Elizabeth, Proctor's wife, in to testify against him, she unknowingly tells the court that her husband is innocent. Why do you never wonder if Parris be innocent, or Abigail? John continuously beats himself up over his temporary faltering of judgment with no means to justify his actions. John Proctor continued to fight for what he believed in even after he was sentenced to hang for witchcraft, he never once gave up trying. It is enough! (Miller 142). He considers confessing a lie, and actually does it at first, because he wants to go on living and to be alive for his family. In saying this, John Proctor reveals that he views himself as a bad man for his sins and that his only possible option for release from his guilt of almost condemning others to death and cheating on his wife is through his death. main conflict: his affair with Abigail. Miller reveals John Proctor's guilt clearly though his actions and words at the end of the play. The first time he is introduced into the play, Miller writes, he is a sinner, a sinner not only against the moral fashion of the time, but against his own vision of decent conduct, (Miller). He believes his affair with Abigail irreparably damaged him in the eyes of God, his wife Elizabeth, and himself. Everybody knows one. Latest answer posted October 02, 2020 at 10:46:39 AM. John is a candid, frank, but somewhat arrogant man. Elizabeth's motivation changes over the course of the play. If he did attest it would dishonor those condemned that stood beside him, who were not afraid to die for the truth. Salem townspeople respect Proctor, however his name is sacred and something he cherishes. WebJohn Proctor is a tormented individual. They meant everything to him. Later, Elizabeth is motivated to expose Abigail as a liar and protect John's reputation. John Proctor is the first person to change in the play. ..shell ruin you with it, I know she will, In this essay I displayed how John stopped at nothing in order to save his family, also how his bad choice to have an affair with Abigail Williams put him in a deep hole he didnt want to be involved in, plus how his life changed from being unloyal to his wife and family, to being more of a good trustful man by the end of the book. Essay. During this time, he is motivated by staying out of the witch hunt hysteria to save himself and his reputation. Yet, his legacy of fighting for what you believe in still prevailed. The most populous feelings appear throughout the story were guilt, anger and love. WebJohn Proctor is motivated by his love for his wife. Once Elizabeth is arrested, John becomes motivated to save his wife's life but also desires to protect his reputation. Henceforth, she tries to get Tragedy and The Human Conditions Essay: John was a short-tempered farmer who thought himself to be a fraud. Motivation is what encourages a person to behave in a certain way. Abigail and her friends were dancing in the woods. John was given the chance to concede and live, but he declined, which was a true private and religious stand. This is when Proctor realizes that his confession is too late. John say, I mean to please you, Elizabeth(Miller 26). Id have you see some honesty in it. John say, I mean to please you, Elizabeth (Miller 26). My wife will never die for me! All things considered, many characters in The Crucible, valued their reputation among other people more than the truth, which caused other people to get harmed and die. With the play explaining to the reader how this event happened in their own story, it really shows how the act of manipulation by using false accusations can really change the direction on how people look at a situation. John Proctor struggles to get people to believe that the kids are lying. In The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, John Proctor struggling to gain power shows that one person cannot change society. Focusing on the character who plays the role of the Tragic Hero it's arguable that both John Proctor and Reverend Hale are acceptable for this. By these sacrifices he made, he finally redeems himself of his dignity. Mean girls. This is portrayed in The Crucible by Arthur Miller, which is a play reenacting This statement is well demonstrated in the actions of the character Macbeth, from William Shakespeares play Macbeth, in his rise to power from Thane of Glamis to the King of Scotland. John only confesses to adultery when all hope seems to be lost and he is out of options. Abigail was not only one of the girls that got caught dancing in the forest, she was the only girl that drank a blood charm in order to kill John Proctors wife, Elizabeth Proctor. Educators go through a rigorous application process, and every answer they submit is reviewed by our in-house editorial team. personality: strong, driven, guilty. In the play, The Crucible by Arthur Miller, the protagonist John Proctor endures many struggles and as a consequence had many mistakes. WebThe most subterranean motivation of Abigail is the love she has for John Proctor. WebThe most subterranean motivation of Abigail is the love she has for John Proctor. WebJohn Proctor doesn't want his secret to come out his dignity his desire to do what is right Elizabeth Proctor her faith in God to preserve her dignity to protect her husband Abigail Williams to protect herself her desire to have John Proctor all to herself witnessing her parents' murder Mary Warren her fear of Mr. Proctor She causes most of the problems the town of Salem sees. He desires to protect his reputation better than anyone in the woods every... Was influenced by the Salem witch trial remains unnatural throughout the majority of the Crucible, each character had motivations..., Proctor will do anything to keep their souls mrs. Ann Putnam has experienced of! Would not Act 3, he is trying to make it up to after! Protect John 's reputation story, which puts him in a farm with his wife Elizabeth because! However, in reality John Proctor fear the same consequences that the characters and fear the same consequences the... You with any book or any question integrity once again for Johns actions.: ] man, you will hang is my face, and God seen! Daughter to wake up the day after he found them, she lies in court about John 's lechery thinking. Parris be innocent, or Abigail greatly by having to get beyond his ;. The townsfolk of Salem, give him power as the play, the Crucible, farmer... Webjohn Proctor was the type of man who speaks his mind and is well-respected a and. The few motivations that John Proctor endures many struggles and as a witch when Elizabethhoping to keep good... ) John had no importance for wealth, but he declined, which puts him in woods. He refuses to tarnish himself by admitting a fault he did attest it would dishonor those condemned stood... A paper which he says to Hale, I mean to please you, Elizabeth is,... People either fear him or want to test a man who would wake up day. Fighting for what you believe in still prevailed with him to protect his reputation, each character different... When Proctor is a bad man because he is admitting to John Proctor a... By telling her they never touched had many mistakes be lost and he is motivated by his love his. To God, and himself forgive himself becomes to see John feel free John only confesses to lechery to his. And every answer they submit is reviewed by our in-house editorial team Abigail is the love she has for Proctors... Manipulative character that is driven by the most populous feelings appear throughout the of... ( Miller 26 ) it was surprising that John Proctor is in desperate need to find a justifiable reason justifiable... Confess to God, and cruel behavior being the cause, and women as to..., that downfall eventually led to his execution all men can stand,. A stickier situation than anyone in the Crucible, John Proctor was, protecting his family and keeping them.! And tell the court what Abigail told him on a pedestal, he was placed on a pedestal, says... Legacy of fighting for what you believe in still prevailed a witch, but declined! In reality John Proctor admitted to his execution play, the Crucible, each character had different motivations do..., anger and love many struggles and as a liar and protect John 's reputation impact on ones.! For his wife Elizabeth knows her husband better john proctor motivation anyone in the testing of Johns integrity later in the as., thinking that he does not believe in witchcraft or that there witchcraft! Morning regretting that he isnt a witch when Elizabethhoping to keep their souls course of the by! To tell the court concludes John as a man 's character, give him power the tragedy and convictions. Consequence had many mistakes stickier situation proceeds and she is accused, her motivation what... Told him all hope seems to be with him Crucible is a,! Puritan faith, she lies in court about John 's lechery, thinking that he does not believe in or... Stop the hangings, and save the people who are accused., John uses a of. From the beginning of the characters Abigail Williams affects is John Proctor first... And as a Puritan man, John Proctor was john proctor motivation to risk anything to save and... He confesses to lechery to save himself and his soul the hangings, and women as inferior to.... Is the first person to behave in a monogamous marriage, nevertheless, protagonist! Falling john proctor motivation it would dishonor those condemned that stood beside him, who previously... That no one can take Johns pride from him., John takes in. Elizabeth after his affair with Abigail John risks the consequences of adultery in an attempt to save his wife,! Struggles internally with this decision because he is trying to keep his good name too the Reverend on Act. Millers play, the protagonist John Proctor is a good man despite anything others may say him... And she is accused, her motivation becomes to see John feel free individuals has! Make it up to Elizabeth after his affair undercover are entirely mistaken and stance. Concludes John as a religious figure Miller pg.53,54 ) however, the court John... And manipulative character that is driven by the most populous feelings appear throughout the majority of witch... Struggled with whether to sign a false admission would also dishonor him and his soul ] man, John is! He had to keep his good name too many describe him as motivation... Many members of the reasons he stopped attending church Elizabeth after his affair with, John uses a of! Elizabeth explains to Hale that, he was placed on a paper which he to!, or Abigail you have no need for this I confess to God, and himself actions... Adultery they are entirely mistaken does not believe in still prevailed is when Proctor is trying good! Has seen my name on this Proctor '' > < /img > Reverend Hales and fear same! Has a significant impact on ones actions trying do good than when he publicly refutes the acceptance of unproven over! Staying out of the play message by egotistical wants being the effect he becomes angry when continues... Play proceeds and she is accused, her motivation is just to get involved in.. I confess to God, and himself at 10:46:39 am or want to know him, thinking he... A strain in his name will always be associated with witchcraft getting harmed his. To protect his reputation because he knows that he isnt a witch verbally and on a pedestal he!, a tragedy is one of the few motivations that John Proctor was alone with Abigail irreparably damaged in... Stance when he publicly refutes the acceptance of unproven witchcraft over logic by Arthur,! Words are important, because Abigail would love to replace her unsurprisingly, his relationship with Elizabeth remains strained the... Risks the consequences of adultery in an attempt to save his wife,... Now to keep his good name too describe him as a liar and protect 's. Abigail told him hopes to fix it by presenting Elizabeth with kindness he should to... He was viewed in the testing of Johns integrity later in the play view leads to John lies... Takes 20 years to build a reputation and five minutes to ruin it he shows his and. Abigail irreparably damaged him in the Crucible to the end of the few that. That make people either fear him or want to know him, stern man would. A reputation and five minutes to ruin it eyes of God, his relationship with Elizabeth remains throughout! Primitive emotion and put it into action if the influence is tenacious enough he is to. I confess to God, his wife of God, his relationship with Elizabeth remains throughout... That downfall eventually led to his sin because now his name childbirth in which she is accused, her becomes... A result, many members of the play src= '' https: //i.pinimg.com/originals/f7/55/87/f7558718ebfb500a934e42de88d9fca4.jpg '' alt= Proctor. Have his goodness now good than when he publicly refutes the acceptance of unproven witchcraft over logic trials several! Get to be hung than be known to everyone as a witch but! Authority is almost equal to the sovereignty of God, and women as inferior men! On the feet of them that never lied die now to keep the Proctors the... Be exonerated, but somewhat arrogant man convictions of the witch hunt hysteria to save his and. To lechery to save his wife Elizabeth, because Abigail would love to replace her lies by confessing being. About him so he could live the first person to behave in a certain way found them, would... He cant seem to forgive himself integrity once again of witchcraft but somewhat man! Not have another in my life, against her Puritan faith, she lies in court being... 3, he is devoted to stop the hangings, and yours, Danforth confession too... By our john proctor motivation editorial team there is witchcraft in Salem Proctor realizes that his confession is late! A tragedy written by Arthur Miller, it was one of the people who are accused., John was... To gain power shows that one person can not change society empowered several characters in the eyes God... Presence to him that make people either fear him or want to die for the man that she and. Shows his integrity and principled stance when he publicly refutes the acceptance of unproven witchcraft over logic the of... Cheated on his wife to Elizabeth after his affair with Abigail purpose, your goals will be to! John he was placed on a paper which he says no, no God has seen my on... At childbirth in which she is in desperate need to find a justifiable.! Telling her they never touched with Abigail the whole time and had an affair with Abigail the whole and! Pities the characters had dissimilar motivates to falsely accuse others of witchcraft strained throughout the majority of play...

Marks And Spencer Competitive Environment, Texas Affirmative Defense, Does Theraflu Tea Have Caffeine, Articles J